LA PAGE DE TITRE. La page de titre d’un travail doit contenir, dans l’ordre, les renseignements suivants: • votre nom; • le type (résumé, dissertation, etc.) et le titre de votre travail; • le nom de l'enseignante ou de l'enseignant; • le titre du cours; • le numéro de votre groupe; • Une dissertation de droit est nécessairement structurée en deux parties, et ne dispose pas d'une conclusion. Sous les républiques, la dissertation est considérée, à l'inverse de l'écriture de discours, comme un exercice aux vertus démocratiques et républicaines, en ce qu'il permet d'organiser sa pensée et de démêler le vrai du faux [2] Toujours est-il qu’il est préférable d’avoir sa problématique avant de s’attaquer à la rédaction de la dissertation. A ce titre, la problématique ne doit surtout pas être identique à l’énoncé du sujet. Il faut reformuler le sujet afin de montrer au correcteur que vous avez compris la question qui se pose
Le papier et la page de titre - GuideMethodologie
Charles-Marie Gustave Le Bon Dissertation page titre [ɡystav lə bɔ̃] ; 7 May — 13 Dissertation page titre was a leading French polymath whose areas of interest included anthropologypsychologydissertation page titre, sociologymedicineinvention, and physics. A native of Nogent-le-RotrouLe Bon qualified as a doctor of medicine at dissertation page titre University of Paris in He opted against the formal practice of medicine as a physician, instead beginning his writing career the same year of his graduation.
He published a number of medical articles and books before joining the French Army after the outbreak of the Franco-Prussian Dissertation page titre. Defeat in the war coupled with being a first-hand witness to the Paris Commune of strongly shaped Le Bon's worldview. He then travelled widely, dissertation page titre, touring Europe, Asia and North Africa. He analysed the peoples and the civilisations he encountered under the umbrella of the nascent field of anthropology, developing an essentialist view of humanity, and invented a portable cephalometer during his travels.
In the s, he turned to psychology and sociology, in which fields he released his most successful works. Le Bon developed the view that crowds are not the sum of their individual parts, proposing that within crowds there forms a new psychological entity, dissertation page titre, the characteristics of which are determined by the " racial unconscious " of the crowd. At the same time he created his psychological and sociological theories, he performed experiments in physics and published popular books on the subject, anticipating the mass—energy equivalence and prophesising the Atomic Age.
Le Bon maintained his eclectic interests up until his death in Ignored or maligned by sections of the French academic and scientific establishment during his life due to his politically conservative and reactionary views, Le Bon was critical of democracy and socialism. Le Bon's works were influential to such disparate figures as Theodore Roosevelt and Benito Mussolinidissertation page titre, Sigmund Freud and Dissertation page titre Ortega y GassetAdolf Hitler and Vladimir Lenin.
Charles-Marie Gustave Le Bon was born in Nogent-le-RotrouCentre-Val de Loire on 7 May to a family of Breton ancestry. At the time of Le Bon's birth, his mother, Annette Josephine Eugénic Tétiot Desmarlinais, was twenty-six and his father, Jean-Marie Charles Le Bon, was forty-one and a provincial functionary of the French government.
When Le Bon was eight years old, his father obtained a new post in French government and the family, including Gustave's younger brother Georges, dissertation page titre, left Nogent-le-Rotrou never to return.
Nonetheless, the town was proud that Gustave Le Bon was born there and later named a street after him. Inhe began medicinal studies at dissertation page titre University of Paris. He completed his internship at Hôtel-Dieu de Parisand received his doctorate in From that time on, he referred to himself as "Doctor" though he never formally worked as a physician.
During his university years, dissertation page titre, Le Bon wrote articles on a range of medical topics, the first of which related to the maladies that plagued those who lived in swamp -like conditions. He published several other about loa loa filariasis and asphyxia before releasing his first full-length book inLa mort apparente et inhumations prématurées. This work dealt with the definition of deathpreceding 20th-century legal debates on the issue.
After his graduation, Le Bon remained in Paris, where he taught himself English and German by reading Shakespeare 's works in each language, dissertation page titre. In that capacity, he observed the behaviour of the military under the worst possible condition—total defeat, and wrote about his reflections on military discipline, leadership and the behaviour of man in a state of stress and suffering.
These reflections garnered praise from generals, and were later studied at Saint-Cyr and other military academies in France, dissertation page titre. At the end of the war, Le Bon was named a Chevalier of the Legion of Honour.
Le Bon also witnessed the Paris Commune ofwhich deeply affected his worldview. The then thirty-year-old Le Bon watched on as Parisian revolutionary crowds burned down the Tuileries Palacethe library of the Louvredissertation page titre, the Hôtel de Villedissertation page titre, the Gobelins Manufactorythe Palais de Justiceand other irreplaceable works of architectural art.
From on, Le Bon was an avowed opponent of socialist pacifists and protectionistswho he believed were halting France's martial development and stifling her industrial growth; stating in "Only people with lots of cannons have the right to be pacifists. Le Bon became interested in the emerging field of anthropology in the s and travelled throughout EuropeAsia and North Africa. Influenced by Charles DarwinHerbert Spencer and Ernst HaeckelLe Bon supported biological determinism and a hierarchical view of the races and sexes; after extensive field research, he posited a correlation between cranial capacity and intelligence in Recherches anatomiques et mathématiques sur les variations de volume du cerveau et sur leurs relations avec l'intelligencewhich earned him the Godard Prize from the French Academy of Sciences.
Inhe was commissioned by the French government to travel around Dissertation page titre and report on the civilisations there. In this, Le Bon praised Arabs highly for their contributions to civilisation, but criticised Islamism as an agent of stagnation. He next published Les Civilisations de l'Indein which he applauded Indian architecture, dissertation page titre and religion but argued that Indians were comparatively inferior to Europeans in regard to scientific advancements, and that this had facilitated British domination.
The same year, he delivered a speech to the International Colonial Congress criticising colonial policies which included attempts of cultural assimilationstating: "Leave to the natives their customs, their institutions and their laws. On his travels, Le Bon travelled largely on horseback and noticed that techniques used by horse breeders and trainers varied dependent on the region.
He returned to Paris and inwhile riding a high-spirited horse, he was bucked off and narrowly escaped death, dissertation page titre. He was unsure as to what caused him to be thrown off the horse, and decided to begin a study of what he had done wrong as a rider.
Recherches expérimentaleswhich consisted of numerous photographs of horses in action combined with analysis by Le Bon. This work became a respected cavalry manual, and Le Bon extrapolated his studies on the behaviour of horses to develop theories on early childhood education. Le Bon's behavioural study of horses also sparked a long-standing interest in psychologyand in he released Lois psychologiques de l'évolution des peuples.
This work was dedicated to his friend Charles Richet though it drew much from the theories of Théodule-Armand Ribotto whom Dissertation page titre Bon dedicated Psychologie des Foules Both were best-sellers, with Psychologie des Foules being translated into nineteen languages within one year of its appearance. These works rankled the largely socialist academic establishment of Dissertation page titre. Le Bon constructed a home laboratory in the early s, and in reported observing "black light", a new kind of radiation that he believed was distinct from, but possibly related to, X-rays and cathode rays.
InLe Bon began a series of weekly luncheons to which he invited prominent intellectuals, nobles and ladies of fashion. The strength of his personal networks is apparent from the guest list: participants included cousins Henri and Raymond PoincaréPaul Valérydissertation page titre, Alexander IzvolskyHenri BergsonMarcellin Berthelot and Aristide Briand.
In L'Évolution de la MatièreLe Bon anticipated the mass—energy equivalenceand in a letter to Albert Einstein complained about his lack of recognition. Einstein responded and conceded that a mass—energy equivalence had been proposed before him, but only the theory of relativity had cogently proved it. the explosion produced would be so formidable that his laboratory and all neighbouring houses, with their inhabitants, would be instantaneously pulverised.
Le Bon discontinued his research in physics inand turned again to psychology. He released La Psychologie politique et la défense socialeLes Opinions et les croyancesLa Révolution Française et la Psychologie des RévolutionsAphorismes du temps présentand La Vie des vérités in back-to-back years from toexpounding in which his views on affective and rational thought, the psychology of race, and the history of civilisation. Le Bon continued writing throughout World War Ipublishing Enseignements Psychologiques de la Guerre EuropéennePremières conséquences de la guerre: transformation mentale des peuples and Hier et demain.
Pensées brèves during the war. He then released Psychologie des Temps Nouveaux before resigning from his position as Professor of Psychology and Allied Sciences at the University of Paris and retiring to his home. He released Le Déséquilibre du MondeLes Incertitudes de l'heure présente and L'évolution actuelle du monde, illusions et réalités inand respectively, giving in them his views of the world during the volatile interwar period.
He became a Grand-Croix of the Legion of Honour in Dissertation page titre published dissertation page titre last work, entitled Bases scientifiques d'une philosophie de l'histoirein and on 13 December, died in Marnes-la-CoquetteÎle-de-France at the age of ninety.
In putting an end dissertation page titre the long, diverse and fruitful activity of Gustave Le Bon, death deprived our culture of a truly remarkable man. His was a man of most exceptional intelligence; it sprang entirely dissertation page titre within himself; he was his own master, his own initiator Science and philosophy have suffered a cruel loss.
Convinced that human actions are guided by eternal laws, Le Bon attempted to synthesise Auguste Comte and Herbert Spencer with Jules Michelet and Alexis de Tocqueville. According to Steve Reicherdissertation page titre, Le Bon was not the first crowd psychologist : "The first debate in crowd psychology was actually between two criminologistsScipio Sighele and Gabriel Tardeconcerning how to dissertation page titre and assign criminal responsibility within a crowd and hence who to arrest.
He considered this dissertation page titre a shortcoming from those authors who only considered the criminal aspect of crowd psychology. Le Bon theorised dissertation page titre the new entity, the "psychological crowd", which dissertation page titre from incorporating the assembled population not only forms a new body but also creates a collective "unconsciousness". As a group of people gather together and coalesces to form a crowd, there is a "magnetic influence given out by the crowd" that transmutes every individual's behaviour until it becomes governed by the " group mind ".
This model treats the crowd as a unit in its composition which robs every individual member of their opinions, values and beliefs; as Le Bon states: "An individual in a crowd is a grain of sand amid other grains of sand, which the wind stirs up at will".
Le Bon detailed three key processes that create the psychological crowd: i Anonymity, ii Contagion and iii Suggestibility. Anonymity provides to rational individuals a feeling of invincibility and the loss of personal responsibility. An individual becomes primitive, unreasoning, and emotional.
This lack of self-restraint allows individuals to "yield to instincts" and to accept the instinctual drives of their " racial unconscious ", dissertation page titre. For Le Bon, the crowd inverts Darwin's law of evolution and becomes atavisticproving Ernst Haeckel 's embryological theory: " ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny ". Contagion refers to the spread in the crowd of particular behaviours and individuals sacrifice their personal interest for the collective interest.
Suggestibility is the mechanism through which the contagion is achieved; as the crowd coalesces into a singular mind, suggestions made by strong voices in the crowd create a space for the racial unconscious to come to the forefront and guide its behaviour. At this stage, dissertation page titre, the psychological crowd becomes homogeneous and malleable to suggestions from its strongest members.
They are not gifted with keen foresight They are especially recruited from the ranks of those morbidly nervous excitable half-deranged persons who are bordering on madness. George Lachmann Mosse claimed that fascist theories of leadership that emerged during the s owed much to Le Bon's theories of crowd psychology.
Adolf Hitler is known to have read The Crowd and in Mein Kampf drew on the propaganda techniques proposed by Le Bon. Just prior to World War IWilfred Trotter introduced Wilfred Bion to Le Bon's writings and Sigmund Freud 's work Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego. Trotter's book Instincts of the Herd in Peace and War forms the basis for the research of both Wilfred Bion and Ernest Jones who established what would be called group dynamics. During the first half of the twentieth century, Le Bon's writings were used by media researchers such as Hadley Cantril and Herbert Blumer to describe the reactions of subordinate groups to media.
Edward Bernaysa nephew of Sigmund Freudwas influenced by Le Bon and Trotter. In his influential book Propagandahe declared that a major feature of democracy was the dissertation page titre of the electorate by the mass media and advertising. Theodore Dissertation page titre as well as Charles G.
Dawes and many other American progressives in the early 20th century were also deeply affected by Le Bon's writings. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. French psychologist, dissertation page titre.
Nogent-le-RotrouFrance. Marnes-la-CoquetteFrance. This section dissertation page titre expansion. You can help by adding to it.
October The Fin-de-Siècle World. ISBN The Universe dissertation page titre Maxwell. Lulu Press Inc. Risk : A Study of Its Origins, History and Politics.
Thesis/Dissertation Formatting Tutorial: Front Matter
, time: 4:28Dissertation — Wikipédia
Jan 05, · L’introduction du commentaire composé doit être rédigée après avoir bien lu le blogger.com dois aussi avoir passé du temps sur le brouillon environ 1h ou 1h De cette manière, l’introduction sera pertinente elle jouera vraiment son rôle c’est-à-dire présenter le tex te.. L’introduction du commentaire indique déjà si tu as (ou non) perçu l’essentiel du texte Biography Youth. Charles-Marie Gustave Le Bon was born in Nogent-le-Rotrou, Centre-Val de Loire on 7 May to a family of Breton ancestry. At the time of Le Bon's birth, his mother, Annette Josephine Eugénic Tétiot Desmarlinais, was twenty-six and his father, Jean-Marie Charles Le Bon, was forty-one and a provincial functionary of the French government REMASTERED IN HD!Official Website: blogger.com: blogger.com: blogger.com: https
No comments:
Post a Comment